Iimaski zonyango zidla ngokubizwa ngokubaImaski yotyando or Inkqubo yeMaskngesiNgesi, kwaye inokubizwa kwakhonaImaski yamazinyo, iMask yokuzahlula, iMask yoBuso bezoNyango, njl. Enyanisweni, ziyafana.Igama lemaski alibonisi ukuba yeyiphi impembelelo yokukhusela engcono.

Nangona izibizo ezahlukeneyo zesiNgesi zibhekisa kwiimaski zonyango, kuhlala kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo.Iimaski zotyando zesintu ezisetyenziswa kwigumbi lotyando zezi “Iqhina” amabhandeshi (ngasekhohlo kulo mfanekiso ungasentla), ngoko amaninzi abizwa ngokuba ziimaski zotyando.Iimaski zotyando nazo ziyilwe ngeentambo.Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, "I-Earloop” i-ear-hook (ekunene kumfanekiso ongasentla) imaski yonyango iya kuba lula ukuyisebenzisa.

Imigangatho yomgangatho weemaski zonyango lotyando

Iimaski zotyando lwezonyango e-United States ziphantsi kwemvume ye-FDA kwaye zifuna ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca amasuntswana, ukunganyangeki kolwelo, idatha yokutsha, njl., ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho.Ke zithini iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zeemaski zonyango?I-FDA ifuna iimaski zonyango ukubonelela ngedatha yovavanyo ilandelayo:

• UkuFaneka koHlwelo lweBhaktiriya (i-BFE / ukuFaneka kokuFilwa kweBhaktiriya): isalathisi esilinganisa ukukwazi kweemaski zonyango ukuthintela ukudlula kweebhaktheriya kumaconsi.Indlela yokuvavanya i-ASTM isekelwe kwi-aerosol yezinto eziphilayo kunye nobukhulu be-3.0 microns kunye ne-Staphylococcus aureus.Inani lebhaktheriya linokuhluzwa ngemaski yonyango.Ichazwa njengepesenti (%).Ipesenteji ephezulu, amandla omelele imaski ukuvimba iibhaktheriya.
• UFaneka loHlulo oluNcinci (i-PFE / iNgcaciso yoHlulo lwamasuntswana): ilinganisa isiphumo sokuhluza iimaski zonyango kumasuntswana e-micron (ubungakanani bentsholongwane) enobungakanani bepore phakathi kwe-0.1 microns kunye ne-1.0 microns, ekwachazwa njengepesenti (%), iphezulu ipesenti, ingcono isakhono semaski ukubhloka. iintsholongwane.I-FDA icebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe iibhola ze-latex ezingenayo i-0.1 ze-micron ze-latex zokuvavanya, kodwa amaqhekeza amakhulu angasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya, ngoko ke qaphela ukuba "@ 0.1 micron" iphawulwe emva kwe-PFE%.
• Ukunyangwa kolwelo: Ilinganisa ukukwazi kweemaski zotyando ukumelana nokungena kwegazi kunye nolwelo lomzimba.Ibonakaliswa kwi-mmHg.Ixabiso eliphezulu, ngcono ukusebenza kokhuseleko.Indlela yokuvavanya ye-ASTM kukusebenzisa igazi elifakelweyo ukutshiza kumanqanaba amathathu oxinzelelo: 80mmHg (uxinzelelo lwe-venous), 120mmHg (uxinzelelo lwe-arterial) okanye i-160mmHg (uxinzelelo oluphezulu olunokwenzeka ngexesha lokwenzakala okanye utyando) ukubona ukuba imaski inokukuthintela ukuhamba kolwelo ukusuka kumaleko angaphandle ukuya kumaleko angaphakathi.
• Uxinzelelo olwahlukileyo (i-Delta-P / umahluko woxinzelelo): ilinganisa ukuchasana kokuhamba komoya kwiimaski zonyango, ibonakalisa ngokubonakalayo ukuphefumla kunye nentuthuzelo yeemaski zonyango, kwi-mm H2O / cm2, ixabiso eliphantsi, i-mask ephefumulayo ngakumbi.
• Ukutsha / Ukusasazeka komlilo (ukutsha): Ngenxa yokuba zininzi izixhobo zonyango ze-elektroniki ezinamandla aphezulu kwigumbi lokusebenza, kukho imithombo emininzi enokubakho yokutshisa, kwaye indawo ye-oksijini yanele ngokwaneleyo, njengoko imaski yotyando kufuneka ibe nelangatye elithile lokulibaziseka.

Ngovavanyo lwe-BFE kunye ne-PFE, sinokuqonda ukuba iimaski zonyango eziqhelekileyo okanye iimaski zotyando zineziphumo ezithile njengeemaski zokuthintela ubhubhane, ngakumbi ukuthintela ezinye izifo ezisasazwa kakhulu ngamathontsi;kodwa iimaski zonyango azikwazi ukuhluza amasuntswana amancinci emoyeni.Inefuthe elincinane ekuthinteleni iibhaktheriya kunye nezifo ezisemoyeni ezinokunqunyanyiswa emoyeni.

Imigangatho ye-ASTM yeeMaski zoNyango lwezoNyango

I-ASTM yaseTshayina ibizwa ngokuba nguMbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye neZixhobo.Ngomnye weyona mibutho mikhulu yehlabathi yokubeka emgangathweni.Isebenza ngokukodwa kuphando kunye nokuqulunqa izinto eziphathekayo kunye nemigangatho yendlela yokuvavanya.I-FDA ikwaqaphela iindlela zovavanyo lwe-ASTM kwiimaski zotyando.Bavavanywa kusetyenziswa imigangatho ye-ASTM.

Uvavanyo lwe-ASTM lweemaski zonyango lwahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba amathathu:

• I-ASTM iNqanaba loku-1 lomqobo osezantsi
• Inqanaba lesi-2 le-ASTM eliPhakathi ngumqobo
• I-ASTM Level 3 High Barrier

Inokubonwa apha ngasentla ukuba umgangatho wovavanyo we-ASTM usebenzisa0.1 iincinci ezincinciukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocaPFEamasuntswana.Elona liphantsiInqanaba loku-1imaski yonyango kufuneka ikwaziiibhaktheriya zokucoca kunye iintsholongwane ezithwala kwi-95% okanye ngaphezulu kwamathontsi, kunye nenkqubela phambiliInqanaba lesi-2 kunye neNqanaba lesi-3iimaski zonyango zinakoIibhaktheriya zokucoca kunye neentsholongwane ezithwalwa yi-98% okanye ngaphezulu kwamathontsi.Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwamanqanaba amathathu kukunganyangeki kwamanzi.

Xa kuthengwa iimaski zonyango, abahlobo kufuneka bajonge imigangatho yesatifikethi ebhalwe kwi-package, yiyiphi imigangatho evavanywayo, kwaye yiyiphi imigangatho edibeneyo.Umzekelo, ezinye iimaski ziya kuthi "Idibana nemigangatho ye-ASTM F2100-11 yeNqanaba lesi-3“, okuthetha ukuba badibana neNqanaba lesi-3 le-ASTM / iBarrier High Barrier standard.

Ezinye iimveliso zinokudwelisa ngokukodwa ixabiso lomlinganiselo ngamnye.Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuthintela intsholongwane“PFE% @ 0.1 micron (0.1 micron micron ukuhluza ukusebenza kakuhle)”.Ngokuphathelele iiparamitha ezilinganisa ukuxhathisa ulwelo kunye nokutsha kwegazi lokutshiza, Nokuba inqanaba eliphezulu lemigangatho linesiphumo esincinci.

CDC Anti-ubhubhane IMask Inkcazelo

Iimaski zotyando lwezonyango: akugcini nje ukuthintela umntu onxibileyo ekusasazeni iintsholongwane, kodwa kwakhona ukhusele umxhasi kwi-spray kunye ne-splashes ye-liquid, kwaye ube nefuthe lokukhusela kwizifo ezisasazwa ngamaqhekeza amakhulu e-spray;kodwa iimaski zonyango eziqhelekileyo azikwazi ukuhluza i-Particulate aerosol encinci ayinasiphumo sothintelo kwizifo ezihamba emoyeni.

Iimaski ze-N95:inokuthintela amaqhekeza amakhulu amaconsi kunye nangaphezulu kwe-95% yee-aerosols ezincinci ezingenayo ioli.Ukunxiba ngokufanelekileyo iimaski eziqinisekisiweyo ze-NIOSH eziqinisekisiweyo ze-N95 kunokuthintela izifo ezihamba emoyeni kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njengelona nqanaba lisezantsi leemaski ezikhuselayo kwizifo zomoya ezifana nesifo sephepha kunye ne-SARS Nangona kunjalo, iimaski ze-N95 azikwazi ukuhluza igesi okanye ukubonelela ngeoksijini, kwaye ayifanelekanga igesi enetyhefu okanye ephantsi. iindawo zeoksijini.

Iimaski zotyando ze-N95:ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-N95 yokuhluza amasuntswana, ukuthintela amathontsi kunye nezifo ezihamba emoyeni, kunye nokuthintela igazi kunye nolwelo lomzimba olunokuthi lwenzeke ngexesha lotyando.I-FDA yamkelwe iimaski zotyando.